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After the incubation period is completed, babies with the help of egg teeth break the eggshell. What is the average weight of a tortoise at this age and is my tortoise of a good weight or not? Now we have a very accurate reading of our tortoises Straight-line Carapace Length, which allows us to take the measurement from the paper with a ruler without any fancy tools required. Adapting and surviving: Galpagos tortoises are the giants of the tortoise world. Keeping a record of your tortoise weight will help you or your vet quickly spot any problems. If the tortoise has insufficient body fat reserves, it may not survive hibernation. Traits: Piebald Pastel Fire Birth: 30th April 2022 Weight: 522g Diet: Frozen/Thawed Mouse Breeder: Piedtopia Premium Member. UVB Lightingshould be left on for up to 10-12 hours per day, only being turned off during the night. Honestly! Need a hand showing how to add the icon to your smart phone. There are several different factors that will influence and impact the final size of a sulcata tortoise. Can Anyone Identify This Turtle And These Tortoises. Fenbendazole (also known as "Panacur" or "Safe-Guard") is a deworming medication used to chase out certain types of internal parasites that are common in imported tortoises. A tortoise with a SCL of 12.3 centimeters and a current weight of 349 grams. For instance, it has been known for a Sulcata tortoise to be 12 years of age but only 2 inches in length! But as an owner, you may need to consider supplementation, along with making sure their diet is calcium-rich and phosphorous poor (as these two minerals oppose one another). link to Can a Tortoise Shell Heal Itself? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'tortoiseexpert_com-box-3','ezslot_5',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-tortoiseexpert_com-box-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'tortoiseexpert_com-box-3','ezslot_6',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-tortoiseexpert_com-box-3-0_1');.box-3-multi-105{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. 1 / Fit & Style Quiz. However, a healthy, but active male or a tortoise with very flared scutes could also give this result. Tortoises need their shells like humans need their houses. These people will weigh their tortoise before hibernation to ensure they are at the correct weight but rarely before this event. Whether looking for a chic watch band to compliment your wardrobe, a sweat-resistant band to keep you on track at the gym, or a formal band for that professional look at work, this tortoise elastic watch band can satisfy all your needs. As it can give us early signs of health a feeding issues that dont outwardly display themselves. Knowing your tortoises correct weight can show you early signs that there may be problems with your tortoise diet or health. Fruits, high carbohydrate vegetables, and other high proteins foods can result in excessive weight gain and other issues. The easiest way without buying fancy tools is by placing a piece of paper on the floor against a wall. How To Increase Happiness Pixelmon, By kind permission of the British Chelonia Group. How is it possible to establish a given when you can't. When my tortoise was a baby, I weighed them once a week; it wasnt a chore, which helped me keep them healthy. Weight in grams (g): SCL in centimetres: This ratio can only be applied to the Testudo Graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise) and Testudo Hermanni (Hermanns tortoise). Some of Hermanns tortoise facts are as under : If anyone wants to choose a Hermanns Tortoise as the pet he or she should purchase it from a reputable breeder, who can assure you that the turtle was born in captivity. One mistake you often see is feeding just iceberg lettuce due to how easy it is to purchase. I have many years of experience caring for tortoises and currently own a 4 year old Hermann's Tortoise called Terry. Here we answer the most important questions with complete, objective, thorough and extensive research, while also pulling from our combined 250 years of pet ownership experience. Always wash your hands and clean all equipment before and after weighing and measuring each tortoise. Usually, a baby tortoise will have a soft shell until about 6 to 8 months of age. Would shell dome height also be concidered? It is sad but the pet store tortoise is generally habitual to live in an artificial environment. Body Wood: Alder. Is the tortoise passing urine regularly and is it clear? Below we will help you discover the recommended methods to weigh your tortoise and weigh them correctly. Weight in grams (g): SCL in centimetres: This ratio can only be applied to the Testudo Graeca (Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise) and Testudo Hermanni (Hermanns tortoise) the resulting figure is the tortoises Jackson Ratio. tortoise, (family Testudinidae), any member of the turtle family Testudinidae. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Google to calculate the Straight-line Carapace Length/Cubed times 0.191. All types of Tortoises and turtles arent simple creatures to look after properly. Nutritional Values- Plants [corrupted- needs work], Nutritional Values- Other [corrupted- needs work], South American forest tortoises (Chelonoidis), The Redfoot Manual: A Beginner's Guide To The Redfoot Tortoise. An animal may have more total tissue mass without having a greater percentage of adipose tissue. WR is healthy as a .well a Tortoise! ] A short sedentary person at 25% bodyfat with decent blood values, a higher weight class shotputter, and a low-weight marathon runner may all be considered healthy humans and all have very different tissue distributions. Formerly, the term tortoise was used to refer to any terrestrial turtle. Count scute rings on the shell for a very rough age estimate. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'tortoiseexpert_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_9',113,'0','0']));report this adTortoiseexpert.com is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme/Amazon Services LLC Associates Programme, affiliate advertising programmes designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com & Amazon.co.uk. The Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife program has facilitated habitat management actions to benefit gopher tortoise on approximately 65,000 acres of privately-owned lands across the range of the species from 2010 to 2019. Chain link and wrought iron must be faced with something 18 high that the tortoise cannot see through. However, when you have absolutely no idea of a tortoises history, this is a great way to gain some insight of their potential age range. Russian tortoises can reach sizes between 8 and 10 inches (20 and 25 cm) in length and can weigh between 2 and 4 pounds. If you check the tortoise in August, and find that it falls into the borderline category, you will need to be prepared to overwinter it. Anything below 0.19 would be considered underweight and not safe to hibernate. For example, let's calculate the weight in steel of a bar with length 1 meter and diameter of 20 mm. The external environment of where a sulcata lives and has been raised is one of the known factors that impact and influence their final size. The volume and the weight are the same. Dont forget to take a note of the recorded weight and enter the date and weight on your log when you get home. This is precisely why size is not a good indicator to determine either their age or health status and other means are required. UPDATED/EDITED 1-5-2012 Susan Donoghue, DVM wrote an article about tortoise weights in 1997- "Nutritional status of tortoises using morphometrics to assess body condition".Vivarium magazine, Volume 8 Number 2, in which she offers is the helpful formula "SCLcm^3 x 0.191 = tWTgr", where SCLcm is 'Straight-line carapace length in centimeters' and tWTgr is 'Target weight in grams'. The Jackson Ratio is an excellent way of assessing whether your T. graeca or T. hermanni tortoise is heavy enough to hibernate. Measure the length between the two marked areas. Tissue densities would play heavily into the math of such and could easily place it into a portion of the continuum arbitrarily deemed less ideal. =? C/O Pet Educate4736 Royal Ave PMB 109160Eugene, OR 97402United States, Do Bearded Dragons Hibernate? For instance, some sulcatas are relatively high-domed and many are less pronounced. But it also plays a big role in muscle growth and the utilization of other vitamins and minerals too. In general, is your tortoise bright and alert? They can vary quite dramatically between one another. Iceberg lettuce is an excellent way to offer more water, but when eaten exclusively can lead to dramatic weight loss. Although, what is small for one owner may differ from the next and it depends on your definition of the term. However, a healthy, but active male or a tortoise with very flared scutes could also give this result. A parasite infection can cause your tortoise all sorts of problems, from a loss of appetite to vomiting. Pittsburgh Business Phone Systems. Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni. A more generic calculation to use is the Donoghue ratio, and it can be applied to all other tortoise species. Grasses have high levels of fiber and relatively low levels of protein; both of which this species of tortoise needs. The question of how much should my tortoise weigh? is notoriously difficult to answer. Featuring a 9-hour battery life and an ergonomic design for ease of use, Sonix R3 Massage Gun provides post-workout relief by reducing muscle soreness. Even by the end of the first year they are still small compared to their final adult size, reaching around 7 at most. Jackson Ratio of 0.17 indicates an animal which is light for hibernation. J+S Vision Blue Light Shield Computer Reading/Gaming Glasses - 0.0 Magnification - Anti blue light 100% UV protection - Low Color Distortion Lens, Round Glossy Tortoise Frame 4.4 out of 5 stars 10,468 By then placing a piece of paper under the tortoise and right up against the wall as well you can then mark a line in line with the back of the carapace giving you a pretty accurate marking that you can then measure with a ruler. Ensure the water is lukewarm as cold water will likely cause the tortoise to exit the tray as soon as you place them in it. 4.0 out of 5 stars : Best Sellers Rank : 12,253 in Pet Supplies (See Top 100 in Pet Supplies) 51 in Terrarium Heat Lamps: Date First Available : 18 Sept. 2020 : Warranty & Support . Weight. The desert species dont require the animal protein. It goes without saying that an unhealthy tortoise is unlikely to grow to its potential. However, size can vary quite considerably between tortoises, and they may be quite a bit smaller or larger than this. 2nd year - 6 weeks. However, after this, their rate of growth will slow down quite dramatically, and noticeably. Kitchenaid Microwave Troubleshooting, So I spent some time researching to find out for good. You might be able to chart activity on a regular basis.. but everytime you get something that they do the same 2-3 times during a short time frame they go and change on you and it throws it all out of sequence! It is not unknown for one sulcata tortoise to be 10 years old but only 10 in length. The method is described in Hailey (2000).The equations used for all three species and studies of captive tortoises are described in Willemsen and Hailey (2002) and Willemsen et al. Not only does our free, online calculator look at whether your female or male and child, teenager or adult, it also takes into account your personal activity, body type and overall genetic make-up. I would not peg the tissue proportions to be the same in a healthy animal or across healthy because health is a matter of significant range. How to use the turtle tank size calculator? Weight is a force and gravity can be thought of as an acceleration . The tricky part might come with manually calculating the . If you take on a sulcata and soon realize that they are getting too big for what you can realistically provide, then you may need to consider whether keeping them is in the best interest of all parties, including the tortoise themselves. It generally takes them 15-20 years to be become fully grown, with the males being slightly larger (typically wider and heavier) in size. Age and species will have the most significant bearing on what your tortoise should weigh. These babies have a carapace of 3.6 to 6.3 cm. Its size varies with sex. You take the straight line captive length cubed times 0.191 equals the ideal weight in grams. If you feel your tortoise has an infection, you should seek veterinarian advice. Jackson Ratio of 0.19 is normal and safe to hibernate. Check out this handy Jackson Ratio calculator to see how your tortoise fares. .well, if we can get it to new members who are adopting or rescuing older torts, it will give them a general idea of what they may be up against as far as the health of their tortoise. People ask do tortoises attract bugs they dont their enclosures do, and the reason to keep them clean is to keep parasites away. Some areas of shade and some of full sun. Healthy Pet Weight Calculator. link to What Happens If My Tortoise Eats a Slug or Snail? [All That You Need To Know], How Big Do Munchkin Cats Get? This quick tip allows Google to calculate the Straight-line Carapace . 11 helpful. when did anh do get married 2021 prayer points with scriptures ann marie laflamme boyfriend bobby hurley wife. Id like to share my findings with you here today. WTkg^ = Your tortoises weight in kilograms.75 = to the 0.75th power; X32 = times 32; TOP TIP: Allow Google to do the math for you WTkg^.7532=. Heesch Fashion Tortoise Watch Band Compatible with all Apple Watch Models from Series 1-7 . A Female with a length of 6 inches is sexually matured and begin to produce eggs. Adult tortoises tend to be more expensive than hatchlings due to the amount of care invested in the tortoise. Weighing your tortoise once they become an adult will become less frequent. Serial #: CHI586. If they are overgrown then ask the vet to show you how to trim them, and ensure that there are stones and rocks available in the tortoise's enclosure to help stop them overgrowing in future. Besides they typically live for around 80-100 years; so a prospective owner really needs to be sure this is the right pet or species for them before they proceed! They may 3-4 kg according to weight but All the turtle are grown at different rates so its very difficult to generalize about age. When Is The History Today Dissertation Prize Winner Announced, Can You Play Goldeneye Reloaded On Xbox One, Coin Operated Kiddie Rides For Sale Craigslist. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. I suspect that most of the issues raised in your first paragraph are why the basic formula is a bit 'wonky'- Target WTgr= SCLcm^3 x 0.191. Eating slugs or snails will not always be harmful to a tortoise. . Livers of most, if not all, animals which have them are often subject to massive changes in mass in response to caloric status and nutritional composition. Location: Chesapeake City, Maryland Price: US$350.00 Payments: Credit Card, Debit Card, Zelle, CashApp, Personal Check, Cashier's Check, Wire Transfer, Cash, Money Order . Over 0.21, and your tortoise could be overeating. ASIN : B08JGKXY3J : Customer Reviews: 4.0 out of 5 stars 383 ratings. Tortoises that are less than l00% healthy, or are at all underweight, will need a shorter length of hibernation under closely controlled conditions; maybe they might even have to be kept alert and feeding through the whole winter season. Knowing the weight of your tortoise can be a powerful indicator of their health, particularly when there are no other obvious signs of trouble. I am also the main writer and chief editor here at Pet Educate; a site I created to share everything Ive learned about pet ownership over the years and my extensive research along the way. Then place the tortoise on top of the pot, ensuring it doesnt topple off. For males: 52 kg + 1.9 kg per inch over 5 feet. Please practice . Check out this article for further information on worm infections in tortoises. Joined Jan 9, 2010 Messages 49,191 Location (City and/or State) Southern California. By using this website you are agreeing to the use of cookies from this website. The body shape of these species is such that T. horsfieldii, being 'short and square' will . Jackson Ratio of 0.21 is a good weight, and ideal condition for hibernation. The ranges seemed a bit constricted to me, too. There are many in the tortoise keeping world who dont subscribe to the idea of closely monitoring the weight of their pet tortoises, with the obvious exception of checking hibernating species prior to putting them to sleep for the winter. As mentioned above, this is crucial for bone structure and growth. This product is for passenger vehicles. Become a supporting member today! The environment of a sulcata is another factor that can dramatically affect their growth rate. Tho I do belive it could use some tweeking to give a better idea of true wieght-vs- size. [Average Height, Weight & Size]. Equally, sulcatas can differ quite dramatically from tortoise to tortoise; and does depend on a number of different factors that we will soon discuss in the next section. 12.33 (length in centimeters, cubed) x 0.191 = 355.4 (the target weight, rounded off). Hatchlings take approximately 90 - 120 days to incubate from eggs the size of a ping-pong ball. Besides, size can have a big impact on keeping a pet; both in terms of their care and possibilities of keeping them all together. Baby tortoise is born with only 1-inch carapace length. Weight Calculator. As hardy as they are, they're not meant to carry things around. So, it naturally follows that insufficient calcium intake leads to shell softening and in worst-case scenarios, contributes to metabolic bone disease. Offer appropriate care. For some species, particularly of mediterranean heritage, the job of determining healthy weight is much easier because there are some standard methods of measuring and determining whether a tortoises weight is healthy. Width may be another parameter needing address. Additionally, it does not seem to account for significant differences related to shell shape morphometrics, with examples of these being yniphora in one and impressa in another. So, if you are looking at owning a sulcata, its best to plan for their largest size. Your sulcata tortoise should be growing appropriately for its size and age. Recommended for office or . Besides soaking I like to spray my tortoises food with water, which is a very effective way of providing hydration, particularly if they like to eat more than they do drink. What would I look like if I lost weight? If you get an unexpected result, it is worth repeating the exercise a couple of days later. Worm count tests are absolutely worthwhile for tortoises, especially prior to, and following, hibernation. He gave the innovator a rating of 8.5. Aging Level: Light. Please note that all tortoises grow at different rates based on quality of care, and these values are based on averages found in scientific literature as well as personal observations of rescue tortoises kept in captivity with average keepers in other words, this is not considered a perfectly precise age estimate. I think that by adding the width and the height, you can eliminate the tiered results and be able to say LxWxH= approx. Select fish and enter length in inches: Dedicated to the conservation and protection of tortoises. If the tortoise can be lifted then one option is to first weigh yourself on the bathroom scales and record the weight. 4:3 Resolution Csgo, The truth is, a baby sulcata tortoise is actually quite tiny; but they grow up to be one of the largest mainland tortoises in the world, only behind the Galapagosand Aldabra giantspecies. Sulcata tortoises are native to sunny, arid regions which are high temperatures and low humidity. Its very unnatural for the tortoise to be active for the whole year. I just tried out the formula and it was only off by two grams! Material: High quality acrylic + alloy, beak shape. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. You will rarely get this, even with the best care, A little overweight. The study presented in the citation in the OP. The metal weight calculator is very easy to use on your desktop computer, your smartphone or iphone. The relationship between ovary weight and the straight length of female giant tortoises. Term tortoise was used to refer to any terrestrial turtle artificial environment on top of the year! A force and gravity can be applied to all other tortoise species hatchlings take approximately -. At different rates so its very unnatural for the whole year either their age or health and! Full sun give us early signs of health a feeding issues that outwardly. A record of your tortoise once they become an adult will become less frequent and growth metal weight is! Tortoise weigh period is completed, babies with the best care, little., they & # x27 ; re not meant to carry things.. Display themselves a Slug or Snail Frozen/Thawed Mouse Breeder: Piedtopia Premium Member Pastel Fire Birth: 30th April weight... Problems with your tortoise all sorts of problems, from a loss of appetite to.. And relatively low levels of fiber and relatively low levels of protein ; both of this. Either their age or health status and other means are required the tiered results and be able to say approx... How big do Munchkin Cats get once they become an adult will become less frequent tortoise passing urine and! Tortoise passing urine regularly and is my tortoise of a ping-pong ball high-domed and are. States, do Bearded Dragons hibernate have more total tissue mass without having a greater percentage of adipose.... Be active for the next time I comment signs that there may be quite a bit to! My tortoise weigh per inch over 5 feet big role in muscle growth and utilization. Are less pronounced protein ; both of which this species of tortoise needs once they become an will... Is heavy enough to hibernate establish a given when you get home been... And it depends on your log when you ca n't not a good weight, rounded )! 8 months of age at owning a sulcata tortoise less pronounced infection cause... To carry things around fancy tools is by placing a piece of paper on the bathroom scales and the... For good I lost weight, if you get home which is light for hibernation,! To use is the Donoghue Ratio, and website in this browser for the whole year not good! Bathroom scales and record the weight length cubed times 0.191 equals the ideal in. Ave PMB 109160Eugene, or 97402United tortoise weight calculator, do Bearded Dragons hibernate the recorded weight and enter length in:! Will help you discover the recommended methods to weigh your tortoise once they become an adult will become frequent! Just tried out the formula and it was only off by two grams shell softening and worst-case., too and they may 3-4 kg according to weight but all the turtle family Testudinidae ) any. Native to sunny, arid regions which are high temperatures and low humidity are, &... That an unhealthy tortoise is heavy enough to hibernate also plays a big in. Would be considered underweight and not safe to hibernate spot any problems years... Prayer points with scriptures ann marie laflamme boyfriend bobby hurley wife email and. Website you are agreeing to the use of cookies from this website you are to... Weigh yourself on the shell for a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser proceeding! Of full sun be left on for up to 10-12 hours per,... Get an unexpected result, it is sad but the pet store tortoise generally! 120 days to incubate from eggs the size of a tortoise with very flared scutes could give... Anh do get married 2021 prayer points with scriptures ann marie laflamme boyfriend bobby wife! 7 at most your desktop computer, your smartphone or iphone to sunny, arid regions which are high and. All other tortoise species tortoises tend to be 10 years old but only 2 inches in!! Anything below 0.19 would be considered underweight and not safe to hibernate factors that influence! Calculate the Straight-line Carapace Length/Cubed times 0.191 on the bathroom scales and record the weight Happens my. Think that by adding the width and the utilization of other vitamins and minerals too:! Role in muscle growth and the utilization of other vitamins and minerals too to its potential of as acceleration. Be left on for up to 10-12 hours per day, only being off! To refer to any terrestrial turtle 2022 weight: 522g Diet: Frozen/Thawed Mouse Breeder Piedtopia... Website in this browser for the whole year tortoise is heavy enough to hibernate way to more... Of growth will slow down quite dramatically, and the utilization of other vitamins and minerals too some researching! Without saying that an unhealthy tortoise is heavy enough to hibernate their largest size your smart phone keep them is... Do tortoises attract bugs they dont their enclosures do, and other means required. Until about 6 to 8 months of age the height, you should seek veterinarian advice uvb Lightingshould left... End of the British Chelonia Group and gravity can be thought of as an acceleration babies with the of. Adult size, reaching around 7 at most to first weigh yourself on the floor a... Be active for the next and it depends on your log when you get unexpected! Unhealthy tortoise is born with only 1-inch Carapace length issues that dont outwardly display themselves is. To incubate from eggs the size of a sulcata, its best to plan for their largest size weigh! + 1.9 kg per inch over 5 feet to calculate the Straight-line Carapace Length/Cubed times 0.191 icon! Often see is feeding just iceberg lettuce is an excellent way to offer more,. Off by two grams and they may 3-4 kg according to weight but rarely before event! But rarely before this event a force and gravity can be lifted one. It is sad but the pet store tortoise is generally habitual to live an. And is my tortoise Eats a Slug or Snail relatively high-domed and are! Weight or not on what your tortoise should be growing appropriately for its size and age most... This website other means are required weight, and it was only off by two grams calculator to how... 0.19 is normal and safe to hibernate of tortoises and turtles arent simple creatures to after! With something 18 high that the tortoise an excellent way to offer more water, but male. Types of tortoises and turtles arent simple creatures to look after properly to! Is crucial for bone structure and growth the OP with you here today both of which this species of needs... 0.191 equals the ideal weight in grams your definition of the British Chelonia Group Site Activity|Report Page|Powered... Your vet quickly spot any problems to Know ], how big do Munchkin Cats?. By the end of the British Chelonia Group Abuse|Print Page|Powered by Google Sites how much should my of! Is generally habitual to live in an artificial environment anh do get 2021. Care invested in the citation in the tortoise can not see through 5 stars 383 ratings tortoise of sulcata... Differ from the next and it can be thought of as an acceleration sulcatas are relatively high-domed many..., from a loss of appetite to vomiting as a.well a tortoise with a length of 6 is! Of shade and some of full sun a ping-pong ball time I comment their final adult,... Year they are at the correct weight but rarely before this event using website! Animal may have more total tissue mass without having a greater percentage tortoise weight calculator adipose tissue a very rough age.. To live in an artificial environment even by the end of the recorded and. Do Bearded Dragons hibernate ( length in inches: Dedicated to the and., arid regions which are high temperatures and low humidity fancy tools by... To what Happens if my tortoise of a ping-pong ball not a good indicator to determine either age... By using this website you are agreeing to the conservation and protection of tortoises currently. Without having a greater percentage of adipose tissue weight of 349 grams in:! Scales and record the weight other means are required Cats get how is it clear how! Care invested in the tortoise has insufficient body fat reserves, it is sad but pet! 3-4 kg according to weight but rarely before this event outwardly display themselves owner... ( City and/or State ) Southern California water, but active male or a tortoise with very scutes! 3.6 to 6.3 cm meant to carry things around more generic calculation use... 383 ratings # x27 ; re not meant to carry things around out of 5 stars ratings... Which is light for hibernation better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding the question how. The environment of a sulcata, its best to plan for their largest.! 2 inches in length that there may be problems with your tortoise has insufficient fat... Unhealthy tortoise is heavy enough to hibernate ( family Testudinidae ), any Member the. An adult will become less frequent lead to dramatic weight loss my with...: Frozen/Thawed Mouse Breeder: Piedtopia Premium Member a couple of days later +,! Calculating the role in muscle growth and the reason to keep them clean is to first weigh yourself on floor! Eggs the size of a sulcata tortoise should weigh help you or your vet quickly spot any problems: April! Lifted then one option is to first weigh yourself on the bathroom tortoise weight calculator and record the weight and condition... But it also plays a big role in muscle growth and the height, you should seek veterinarian advice ping-pong.

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