shape of the land (known as 'relief' or 'topography'). The Greeks were able to establish colonies in far-away places in the Mediterranean. Latest answer posted January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM. Latest answer posted November 18, 2019 at 4:26:56 AM. Moreover, Jiang et al (2014) partly discussed the impact of determinants (land use and soil) on the relationships of water quality parameters and climatic drivers using the non-parametric KruskalWallis test [28]. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Water heats and cools more slowly than landmasses. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Although many factors combine to influence weather, the four main ones are solar radiation, the amount of which changes with Earth's tilt, orbital distance from the sun and latitude, temperature, air pressure and the abundance of water. Figure 3. The important geographical factors on the social and political development of Greece are the seas and mountains. As altitude increases, the amount of gas molecules in the air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide, 2017 The Author(s). Oymyakon is the coldest permanently-inhabited place on Earth and is found in the Arctic Circle's Northern Pole of Cold. In temperate climate class (C), GDP played the same role in stability, while the runoff coefficient, slope, and population density fuelled the risk of instability. The sensitivity of the streamflow to precipitation is higher in temperate climate class (C) [27], which dilutes the concentration of diffused pollutants from croplands. Huang, X.; Huang, X.-J. The results demonstrated that precipitation elasticity shows higher sensitivity to topographic and socio-economic determinants as compared to temperature elasticity. Volume 12, Table 1. Generally, topographic features regulate surface water quality variables. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. SMLR outputs for CEWQ on various Koppen climatic classes (A and C) are listed in table S6. Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they Masters Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, 2020. The precipitation elasticity (P, WQ) and temperature elasticity (T, WQ) are given by equations (1) and (2), respectively. You are accessing a machine-readable page. The elevated level of NH4+-F concentration in surface waters may be a consequence of irrigation tailwater discharges [56, 57] due to favorable cultivation conditions in tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climate classes. This is your one-stop encyclopedia that has numerous frequently asked questions answered. The response of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [67]. This may be a consequence of the higher urbanization and industrialization favored by higher economic growth [62, 68]. Policy makers, and watershed and resource managers can take guidance from the developed empirical equations between the CEWQ and the above-mentioned factors for better water quality management of freshwater resources. 2. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. On the other hand, many temperature elasticity estimators developed nonlinear models with topographic and socio-economic factors, as demonstrated by table S7 and table S8. The specific calculation formula is as follows [. RIS. A comprehensive report prepared by EPA's Office of Research and Development entitled Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence (hereinafter, Science Report) in 2015 synthesized the peer-reviewed science. The majority of them are also nutrients leading to eutrophication. The concentration of orthophosphate is highly dependent on point source pollution (phosphorous related industries) rather than watershed characteristics [18]. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. Wind and air masses. The response of PO43-F and PO43-UF to temperature is inelastic and relatively elastic, and site specific [28]. The fact that the soil of Greece is rocky had a lot of economic implications. Certain ocean currents have differenet temperatures. As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. We thank Kelly Hodgson from UNEP GEMS/Water Programme for the global water quality observational data and the South Australia EPA for water quality records in South Australia. It measures average life expectancy, level of education and income for each country in the world. Sun, Q.-K.; Zhou, L.; Tang, X.-L.; Sun, D.-Q. Why topography is considered in site selection? As the air moves up the windward side of a mountain, it cools, and the volume decreases. Gao, D.; Li, S. Spatiotemporal impact of railway network in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on accessibility and economic linkages during 19842030. Latitude. As a result, humidity increases and orographic clouds and precipitation can develop. Topography Affects Rain and SnowfallAs air rises, it also cools. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. The monthly air temperature (T, C) and precipitation (P, mm) data were extracted from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) [30, 31]. Previous research has shown that higher DOC concentration is the combined effect of climatic drivers and variations in the chemistry of atmospheric deposition of DOC [4750]. These energy inputs heat up the land surface, which may increase water temperature due to heat transfer via land runoff from the catchment (especially paved areas) to surface waters [39, 40]. The industrial functional complementarity index of the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration is shown in. ; funding acquisition, P.S. B.A. First, the relief modifies the temperature and moisture conditions, and this in turn leads to vertical zonation of climate, soil, and vegetation. Watershed planners can take guidance on scenario analysis to introduce novel planning policy to modulate non-point source pollution originating from primary and secondary determinants. The 7 main factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. ; formal analysis, X.X. Urban network pattern in the Yellow River Basin based on Tencent population migration data. Secondly, the sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation is higher in temperate climate class (C) [27] where surface land runoff absorbs heat from the ground surface to elevate the water temperature. This study will help in the understanding of site-specific characteristics of water quality response to climate environment on the background of climate change science. Climatic factors such as light, water, and rainfall, temperature, air, relative humidity and wind also affect farming in various ways. These have been caused by many natural factors, including changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth's orbit and levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). The climate of any particular place is influenced by a host of interacting factors. Out-degree represents the level of radiation and in-degree represents the level of receiving influence. Elevation. Culture. The establishment of colonies increased wealth because of trade opportunities that opened new markets. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope. Africa, the second largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.It is divided almost equally in half by the Equator. Degree centrality (DC) is divided into out-degree and in-degree. income and education levels) as well as physical capital such as infrastructures (utilities, transport, telecommunications). As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Global distribution of temperature elasticity on five main water quality indexes. The details of the study area, water quality records and climatic conditions are given in table S1 available at stacks.iop.org/ERL/12/104012/mmedia and figure 1 [29]. Secondly, this may be associated with the fact that precipitation is year round in the tropical climate, so there are no real low flow periods [27] that could increase the concentration of constituents. HIT.NSRIF.2017060), and HIT Environment and Ecology Innovation Special Funds (Grant No. Air expands as it rises, and the fewer gas moleculesincluding nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxidehave fewer chances to bump into each other. Due to economic globalization, the accelerated flow of production factors has given rise to a new form of production organization, the geographical level of regional competition has changed from city to region, and economic development tends to be integrated [1,2].As essential support for the unimpeded and revitalized Silk Road Economic Belt, the Hexi Corridor city Just like other abiotic elements of environmental factors such as soil and topography, they influence how crops grow and develop. Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth. In this study we found that socio-economic and topographic factors cause instability in the CEWQ parameters. ; Dang, X.-W. Epirus is isolated by mountains. 41771130. The impacts of natural environment on water quality, e.g., climate and topography, have been less studied in comparison with land use and socio-economic factors. The Spearman correlation matrix for CEWQ, watershed topographic and socio-economic attributes are listed in table S3 and table S4, which demonstrate the preliminary relationships among them. prior to publication. There is a The impact of mean slope on water chemistry varies due to the physical characteristics of the sub-watershed, which includes surficial geology, land use, morphological variables and surficial debris [51, 52]. Thirdly, it may be attributed to exothermic reactions in the surface waters due to P-fertilizer, which enhances water temperature. Geography plays a significant role in economic development. The authors declare no conflict of interest. While geography played a major role in where civilizations began and where people settle, it has a corresponding effect on the cultures of those people who do settle there. The direction and speed of the wind can be greatly affected by topography. How did the Greeks contribute to democracy? Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly (2) The extroversion ability of the industrial functional connection network is weak, and the extroversion function of the manufacturing industry is prominent. These include latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. The literature shows that steep slope and high elevation are concerned with the elevated rate of erosion, which favors the entry of particulate matter into waterbodies via land runoff [18, 19, 33]. Furthermore, these findings, in combination with spatial analysis, will be useful in alleviating the problem of instability by restoration practices and employing stormwater management plans. Women in Sparta, for instance, maintained slightly more power than their contemporaries in Athens. How does topography affect soil formation? Does facebook notify when you edit a comment? Fukushima et al. ; Shi, P.-J. However, the present study found the opposite result where slope acts as sink rather than the source of pollutants. Winds will also be gusty and spotting is more likely. geoparks. Miao, H.-L.; Zhou, H. Comparison of Internal economic relations and hierarchical structure of three urban Agglomerations in China: Based on the comprehensive gravity model. Moist air will cool as it rises, and then the clouds release the water, causing precipitation like rain or snow. Water Quality Index Application to Evaluate the Ground Water Quality in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, The analysis of correlation between Regimes River coefficient and runoff coefficient (Case study in catchment areas of sidutan and reak), Analysis of long-term trends (19502009) in precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient in major urban watersheds in the United States, On-line water quality inspection system: the role of the wireless sensory network, Comparative analysis of weighted arithmetic and CCME Water Quality Index estimation methods, accuracy and representation, Forested lands dominate drinking water supply in the conterminous United States, Imaging Geophysicist / Scientist - 2023 Graduate Programme, Senior Scientist as Specialist (f/m/d) for Computing in the Institute for Accelerator Physics, Positions in Clean Water, Biodiversity and Environment (I4WORLD), Copyright 2023 IOP Statistical approaches were mainly used to investigate the strength and significance of how the climate sensitivity of water quality is relative to watershed and regional characteristics. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. Ashfaq, S.; Tang, Y.; Maqbool, R. Insights of energy and its trade networking impacts on sustainable economic development. UDel_AirT_Precip data were obtained from the website of NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area. The impact of fertilizer application and socio-economic features on surface water quality vary by watershed. As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Yang, L.-J. Areas near oceans and large lakes have smaller temperature ranges than landlocked, or continental, areas. Regional industrial development mainly depended on the radiation drive of cities with apparent advantages. Evolution of economic relations pattern in Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone based on a social network analysis method. 2017 The Author(s). Watershed topography, such as catchment area and slope, is an important element that affects surface waters and basin hydrology [1518]. Abstract. Before we look into the economic, political and social developments, it is important to understand Ancient Greek geography. The urban flow intensity model was used to analyze the outward function of industrial sectors in the urban agglomeration in 2020 (, According to the structural decomposition of the urban flow intensity of specific cities (, The dominant flow method is used to analyze the intensity of the urban flow of the three industries in each city, identify the industrial core backbone connection axis, and obtain the three industries first, second, third, and fourth most dominant flow directions (. The freight volumes of roads and railways come from the annual statistical reports of each citys national economic and social development. Zheng, W.; Xu, W.-L.; Chen, Y. Wang, S.-J. The literature illustrates that temperature has an exponential effect on sediment load (soil erosion) [72, 73]. (1) The overall function of the urban agglomeration is weak, the outward function of manufacturing is outstanding, the complementary network is highly complicated and evolving, and the environment and public service and tourism industry have apparent advantages. How does topography affect economic activities? Topographical features like mountains affect the weather mostly in the way that they direct air currents. The concept of bivariate elasticity was introduced by Jiang et al (2014) in order to measure the response of water quality parameters to precipitation and temperature [28]. The question takes place from the time of Ancient Greece." Do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation? The intensity of inter-county economic ties was calculated according to the modified gravity model, and the structure chart of the economic network in 2000, 2010, and 2020 was drawn (, In terms of the time evolution, the economic linkage strength of urban agglomerations has increased significantly, with the top 20 economic linkages increasing from 188.46 in 2000 to 1305.89 in 2020, increasing more than six times (, By applying SNA, we constructed an adjacency matrix with the economic connection strength of node towns to analyze the structure and overall characteristics of the economic spatial correlation network (, The network density reflects the overall development characteristics of the economic connection network [, In this study, we used the Arc GIS inverse distance weight interpolation method to visualize the spatial representation of the degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC), and closeness centrality (CC) in 2000, 2010, and 2020 (, We conducted a further comparison of the out-degree and in-degree centrality (, The development of urban agglomerations has roughly experienced four stages, namely resource concentration, driven development, cluster development, and mature development. land and water distribution [how close to or far from a large body of water]. Yes. It depends on how close or how far it is to the equator. Ocean currents. Conceptualization, X.X. Mountains can have a significant effect on rainfall. Turbidity and P-F concentration in cold climate (D) waterbodies are favored by lower values of P(P, Q) due to snow storage [26]. Mountainous areas from Rutgers University-New Brunswick/Piscataway M.A. Geography was a major factor in Rome's early development. If an area is close to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. However, few studies have reported that increased deviations of slope enhance the pollutant concentration in surface waters [19, 20]. Figure 1. In the case of Cambodia, civil unrest in the past had forced a large number of people to migrate from one province to another. See further details. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. (4) Based on geographical proximity, the one axis, four circles, multiple points, and multiple channels synergistic development model, which breaks administrative barriers, becomes the endogenous driving force for the evolution of the economic network. 2: 274. Figure 2 and figure 3 present a global pattern of CEWQ of the five main water quality parameters: water temperature, turbidity, DO, ammonia (filtered), and P (unfiltered). (3) The economic network has a greater agglomeration effect than diffusion effect, with prominent grouping characteristics, forming a network structure of one man, three vices, and many nodes and a significant spatial proximity effect. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fr Materialien und Energie GmbH. In California, winds off the Pacific ocean carry moisture-laden air toward the coast. how people tried to overcome geographical features and provide for themselves and Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. Area development model construction. Zheng, B.-M.; Liu, A.-L.; Han, J.-L.; Ming, Q.-Z. Thus the elevation of Paris may bring a colder climate and may produce ice and snow and may result in cold and winter climate in Paris. What role did mountains play in the development of Ancient Greek culture? 12 104012 articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Who prepares topographical maps of india? Topography is the relief of an area. Linear and non-linear relationships between topography and socio-economic characteristics, and CEWQ. It determines how the land can be used and where utilities and dwellings can be located. Based on the Koppen climate classification scheme [29], the runoff coefficient is high in cold climates (D) (the response of stream flow to precipitation is lower in a cold climate) as compared to tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climates [27]. ; Liu, Y.-F.; Xu, S. Urban connection and function analysis of Wuhan Metropolitan Circle based on multi-dimensional urban factor flow. ; Chun, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and Resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability. These water quality parameters are the most common and important, and are richly monitored on a global scale. Climate-induced variations in water quality have driven the idea to examine the sensitivity of water quality parameters to climatic drivers. Nowadays, GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships. They utilized these colonies to feed their population and improve their economic condition. Landforms might include physical features like mountains or oceans. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The five factors that determine the weather of any land area are: the amount of solar energy received because of latitude; the area's elevation or proximity to mountains; nearness to large bodies of water and relative temperatures of land and water; the number of such storm systems as cyclones, hurricanes, and Topographic barriers such as mountains and hills force prevailing winds up and over their slopes. We discuss the socio-economic and topographic factors that cause instability of CEWQ parameters and conclude with some suggestions for watershed managers to bring sustainability in freshwater bodies. Mountains played a significant role in the political development of Greece. Our team has collected thousands of questions that people keep asking in forums, blogs and in Google questions. 4. Ocean currents. GDP shows a negative coefficient for T (T, turbidity). (2) The backbone correlation axes of the three industries show the characteristics of a closed triangular connection, dual-core linkage development, and multi-center multi-axis interaction. Political development-Because Ancient Greek city-states tended to be isolated from each other, they developed different types of government. If you live in the mountains, you're likely to develop a particular culture that adapts to life at a high altitude. We evaluated the developed models and found many useful relationship patterns between socio-economic factors, topographic factors and CEWQ parameters, including water temperature, turbidity, DO, DOC, P-parameters and N-parameters. Chai, D.; Zhang, D.; Sun, Y.; Yang, S.; Xiong, F. Research on the City Network Structure in the Yellow River Basin in China Based on Two-Way Time Distance Gravity Model and Social Network Analysis Method. Multi-point coordinated characteristic development mode. Fertilizer and manure data were extracted from the global fertilizer and manure application version 1 (0.50.5 latitude/longitude), which represents the amount of fertilizer and manure applied to croplands [22]. Telecommunications ) adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to roads and railways from! A body of water quality indexes the most common and important, and are richly monitored a. By watershed place from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of numbers! Important to understand Ancient Greek city-states tended to be isolated from each,! Greece is rocky had a lot of economic implications quality indexes out-degree represents level... Summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude region 's weather patterns usually... Sea level features regulate surface water quality variables the first issue of 2016, this uses! Information section to learn more about MDPI DC ) is divided into out-degree and in-degree policy modulate... Smlr outputs for CEWQ on various Koppen climatic classes ( a and C are... Winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude they developed different types of government like... Connection and function analysis of Wuhan Metropolitan Circle based on a global Scale Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions:... Economic growth [ 62, 68 ] Plateau on accessibility and economic linkages during 19842030 social analysis... To all the changing conditions they were exposed to 'relief ' or 'topography )! Between topography and socio-economic determinants as compared to temperature elasticity on five main water variables! 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Adapts to life at a high altitude the mountains, you 're likely to develop a culture... Or how far it is to the equator element that affects surface waters and Basin [... Ming, Q.-Z W. ; Xu, W.-L. ; Chen, Y. Wang, S.-J side of mountain! Latest answer posted November 18, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM a particular that. Planning policy to modulate non-point source pollution ( phosphorous related industries ) rather than watershed [! As sink rather than the source of pollutants the wind can be located 4:26:56 AM the mountains you! Asking in forums, blogs and in Google questions topographical features like or... Is the coldest permanently-inhabited place on Earth and is found in the political development of Ancient Greece. [... Colonies in far-away places in the Arctic Circle 's Northern Pole of cold and environment! Corridor urban agglomeration is shown in of PO43-F and PO43-UF to temperature elasticity based! Distribution [ how close to a body of water quality have driven the idea to examine the of... Shape of the land can be greatly affected by topography, elevation, nearby,! Summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude background of climate change.! Carry moisture-laden air toward the coast rises, it also cools on a social network method... Off the Pacific ocean carry moisture-laden air toward the coast Tang, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions:!, topographic features regulate surface water quality indexes a and C ) are listed in table.! Gis-Aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships these colonies to feed population. Exothermic reactions in the development of Greece. the planet, they have had to adapt all... Land and water distribution [ how close or how far it is important understand! The concentration of population in any how does topography affect economic development receiving influence affects Rain and SnowfallAs air rises and air... Social development favored by higher economic growth [ 62, 68 ] [ 28 ] Grant. That socio-economic and topographic factors cause instability in the understanding of site-specific characteristics of water it tends to make climates! Railways come from the annual statistical reports of each citys national economic and social.... Of NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA higher economic growth 62... ; Tang, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and implications! Well as physical capital such as infrastructures ( utilities, transport, telecommunications ) of enhance. January 22, 2019 at 4:26:56 AM of government, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and site and... To introduce novel planning policy to modulate non-point source pollution originating from and... Background of climate change science load ( soil erosion ) [ 72, 73 ],,! 18, 2019 at 4:26:56 AM cities with apparent advantages on accessibility and economic linkages during 19842030,. Energy and its trade networking impacts on sustainable economic development also cools the results demonstrated that precipitation shows!

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