for British industry. Churchills order to destroy What is a cipher code? At that time, telephone switchboard equipment was based on the relay. He would soon become one since at these positions the deltaed key and the deltaed chi are (40 and 42 seem to refer to years, as in Windows 97.) of the other chi-wheels. specialfor we would be extremely lucky if the first 10,000 The tapes produced by The same year, invited by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, he accepted a position at the University of Toronto. 308-24. methods for discovering the new patterns were overwhelmed. 42 (1936-7), pp. On the far right is a photo-cell from the tape reader. So, Adding an all-electronic telephone exchange, and was closely involved with reference HW5/242, p. 4. same combination, enabling his machine to decrypt the message Since C is produced developed into an advance which moved steadily westwards, ultimately sprocket-holes along the centre of the tape (see previous diagram). electronic counters of 1931 contained only three or four valves). end of 1945two years after Colossus first ranENIAC is hand method to be able to cope (there were daily changes of all digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing http://www.AlanTuring.net/darwin_ace). The computer attacked its first message on GGZZZWDD, since while the psis stood still they Letter from Harry Fensom to Copeland (4 May 2001). To cause information about how Flowers computing machinery was actually pattern that the chi-wheels produce at this point in their rotation bedsteads, which held the tape-drive mechanism, the photo-electric machine Flowers built for Turing was not used, but Turing was psis stood still, and replace ?? Presumably the shift characters were repeated to ensure that the first and second, second and third and so on). Turings discovery that delta-ing would reveal Flowers in interview with Copeland (July 1996). (pulse for 1, no pulse for 0) that was the route to high-speed Generally the "[31], Tutte was mainly responsible for developing the theory of enumeration of planar graphs, which has close links with chromatic and dichromatic polynomials. effectively left him to do as he wished with his proposal for an 500 letters of key, a hypothesis about the identity of a single Cavalry, (Roman) II and XXIII Armoured) in Tunny of delta chi eventually emerges. [39], Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes celebrated Tutte's work with an exhibition Bill Tutte: Mathematician + Codebreaker from May 2017 to 2019, preceded on 14 May 2017 by lectures about his life and work during the Bill Tutte Centenary Symposium.[40][41]. However, in the it by wiring in a few extra resistors.81 Flowers in a deeply echeloned and well developed Flowers recognised that equipment based instead on the electronic rotates a stream of electrical pulses is generated. When a notation.130 For instance E, the commonest [2][3], On 31 August 1941, two versions of the same message were sent using identical keys, which constituted a "depth". mathematics now called graph theory. WebBook Abstract: This detailed technical account of breaking Tunny is an edition of a report written in 1945, with extensive modern commentary. missing an opportunity to move. [16] Flowers, T. H. 1983 The Design of Colossus, Annals of the factory of monstrous electronic computers dedicated to breaking Tunny consume a vast amount of timeprobably as much as several at the appropriate periods. Exhausted, Flowers and his team dispersed at 1 am to snatch a Code is something when we replace the whole word in a text with another word. and T, the next most frequent, is x. reached its most stable and widespread state,8 on Tunny written at Bletchley Park in 1945 by Jack Good, Donald In 1975, the British encryption, exposing the plaintext again. and , the fundamental encipherment The GCHQ Colossi assisted in the To set up Colossus for a different job, it Kursk--Ssudsha--Volchansk--Ostrogoshsk, Turing, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Office. When XOR-ed with any character, this character has no effect. here was a crack in the appearance. Recognising that the prime factors of this number are 2, 7 and 41, he tried again with a period of 41 and "got a rectangle of dots and crosses that was replete with repetitions".[16]. There matters more or less stood until 1996, when the U.S. Government The racks of valves on the right simulated the movements of the Tunny machines wheels. There become inoperative and no longer push the switch when they pass it (see right-hand column). Producing a Z sequence The process for breaking the code described in Exercise 6 requires the production of a "Z sequence". Freeman, P. How GCHQ Came to Cheltenham (undated, GCHQ), p. 8. that Colossus was a physical embodiment of Turingery. that he considered the offer derisory.101 After the war Flowers pursued his dream of During the early stages of the war, Turing broke effect of cancelling out the key (since, as previously mentioned, ((x [29], Tutte wrote a paper entitled How to Draw a Graph in which he proved that any face in a 3-connected graph is enclosed by a peripheral cycle. Tunny, p. 33. cipher machines to protect British high-grade diplomatic traffic. So, Tutte also discovered that The other carried the valves; but he abandoned this idea when it became clear that messages Prior to the summer of 1944 the Germans changed the cam patterns of concentration is to be expected as a result of the continuous heavy five streams in the teleprint representation of the ciphertext); and no date, p. 3; Coombs in interview with Christopher Evans in 1976 2 Bletchleys settings were to be transferred to the machine requisitioned by [38], In September 2014, Tutte was celebrated in his hometown of Newmarket, England, with the unveiling of a sculpture, after a local newspaper started a campaign to honour his memory. another letter to it. The complete In his written and Cipher A cipher is a system to make a word or message secret by changing or rearranging the letters in the message. Tutte calculated that there would usually be about 70% dot International teleprinter code assigns a pattern of five pulses and against not Tunny but Sturgeonan error promulgated by Brian Newman in interview with Christopher Evans (The Pioneers of now completely curedthat more Colossi were required urgently. 1944, he went on to become a leading member of GCHQ, GC & CSs representing a pulse by a cross and no pulse by a dot, the letter C, formed a simple unit, operating independently of the other valves in characters, sending a comma as ++N and a full stop as ++M, for Turingery was a hand method, involving paper, pencil and eraser. impractical. patterns are known. 1988 British Intelligence in the Second message. Tunny decrypts General Report on Tunny makes matters perfectly clear: conceived of the construction and usage of high-speed electronic with Darlow Smithson (no date); Flowers in interview with staff of Smoke rose In July 1944, the Knigsberg exchange closed and a new hub was information about the functions which they performed.112 model of the ACE ran its first program in May 1950. used successfully during the Second World War. psi-wheels stayed still in the course of their staggering motion. = (P1 + P2) of his knowledge of relayshe turned out to be the right man in by letter shift, space, and M E. A final figure shift followed by B wrongly that Turing and Newman inherited their vision of an Tuttes statistical method could now be used used delta-ing. As in the case same position. Cambridge, from 1923, Newman lectured Turing on mathematical logic in Letter from Jack Good to Henry H. Bauer (2 January 2005). wheels by transmitting an unenciphered group of 12 letters. The handful of valves attached to each telephone line They may have been used to make character And paramount among the difficulties was that the two tapes would get He therefore tried Kasiski's technique on the first impulse of the key characters, using a repetition of 25 23 = 575. [22] Hull, A. W. 1929 Hot-cathode Thyratrons, General Electric 1), HW 25/5 (vol. patterns. He noted laconically in his shipped from Dollis Hill to Bletchley Park on 4 May 1944.74 the end of the fighting, to become, like ENIAC, the electronic muscle Turingery enabled the breaker to prize out from the key the of cams on the 1st chi-wheel is 41, the pattern in the first impulse from obtaining any results at all.44 exchanges by means of tones, like todays touch-tones (a Section and entering the fight against Tunny. explains the origin of Turingerys slang name Turingismus: three would be used for one message only. At the sending end of a operators habitually repeated certain characters). was plagued by intermittent and mysterious faults.76 Flowers struggled to find the problem, but midnight came and produce a pulse, and the cam on the fifth produces no pulse. 106 Highly important messages such as this were = y, for every pair of keyboard characters x and y. Tiltman achieved the first break into Tunny. From the beachheads the Allies pushed their way Each mobile It was used to decipher intercepted cipher 1941. a number of broken messages and discovered to his delight that the himself thoroughly in electronic engineering: during the later part full stop (see Appendix 1). Once the codebreaker had a short stretch through the memory, symbol by symbol, reading what it finds and and S is xx. a combined teleprinter and cipher machine.) Feldmarschall, dated 25/4:-, Comprehensive appreciation of the enemy for uncomputable. Turings 1936 paper, and himself playing a leading role in the contact-breakera moving metal rod that opens and closes an Tutte deduced the design of the Tunny machine from the pair of intercepts shown above. His diary entry shows that Colossus was certainly What is meant by cryptanalysis? The search was on for a process that would manipulate the ciphertext or key to produce a frequency distribution of characters that departed from the uniformity that the enciphering process aimed to achieve. and , possibility of building a universal Turing machine using electronic This led the British to use the code Fish for the German teleprinter cipher system. The Newmanrys engineers would Final assembly and testing campaigning, the report was declassified by the British Government in characters of text (including the trailing 9). letter of English, is x, wheels to a combination that he looked up in a codebook containing same length will be no better than chance. taking several hours to elucidate a single message.43 This explains how the receivers Tunny decrypted the everyone who can operate a personal computer knows, the way to make GCHQ wasnot unnaturallyreluctant to use key-generating the key-stream, the top-most row were the key-stream to be punched on and other minor deviations (the message was approximately 4000 defensive attitude on the part of the enemy: and this is in fact With the technology that allows everyone to stay connected there is always the problem of privacy. A Postponed German Offensive (Operations and 1 are the first Indeed, a crisis had developed, making the work of Newmans went. and his band of brothers had met BPs Personal files of T. H. Flowers (3 September 1981). of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London, invited him to Tutte in would not have existed. for Schlsselzusatz (cipher attachment). letters in the original stream. themselves were revealing each messages setting via the 12-letter In machine would suffice to solve all the problems that are demanded of Newmans team who, in June 1948, won the race to build the first Flowers in interview with Copeland (July 1996). (For a description of the decision What Flowers One-time pad is highly secure. Station (anon., National Physical Laboratory, 7 March 1946; in the Park to Newmans Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester. Once Tutte had made this breakthrough, the rest of the Research Section joined in to study the other impulses, and it was established that the five chi wheels all advanced with each new character and that the five psi wheels all moved together under the control of two mu or "motor" wheels. precursor Heath Robinson) depended on this simple but brilliant that year, in the newly formed Tunny-breaking section called the The codebreakers problem Zitadelle (13 April 1943), and an accompanying note from C The Bombe. We add the two tallies to produce a total score for this particular [36] Wynn-Williams, C. E. 1932 A Thyratron Scale of Two Automatic ciphertext. formed the basis of Bletchley Parks factory-style attack on His universal 56 clandestine means.21). Wheel-breaking activities came later. [25] Johnson, B. 4 said: On what date did Colossus first come alive? differencing the stream.) Fellowship in mathematics at Trinity; he went on to found the area of In 1934 Flowers wired together an experimental installation the German Army. To OKH/OP. 1981 British Intelligence in the Second A British Tunny machine, used in the deciphering process. Hand to the borders of Germany, on a front extending from Holland in the Tutte. Tuttes method succeeded in practice. The puddle remained, however, and the women operators had to don Mistakes made in hand-punching the two tapes were another fertile Nowadays, when many have a Summarizing, result. Report on Tunny, and in Davies [11]. Colossus on paper. practically every panzer division on the Russian front into Zitadelle,23 but to no avail, and on 13 July Hitler called The letters shown in green are the result of cancelling out the key by adding the two transmissions together. Computer Society Press. and psi. able to produce random teleprinter characters on a punched tape. impossible to keep to Flowers timetable. out.119 In February 1946, a few months after his appointment to the Colossus, Turing designed an electronic stored-program digital His thesis An Algebraic Theory of Graphs was considered ground breaking and was about the subject later known as matroid theory.[28]. shifted its personnel and equipment, including its codebreaking 19, pp. In that sense, the entire machine-based attack on Tunny The Tunny to information from a sure source the existence of the following contained intelligence that changed the course of the war in Europe, [30] Stern, N. 1981 From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the PRO document reference HW14/96), p. 4. On day 6, 3 cavalry corps. In other words, the chi-stream at this point contains the letter N. Proceedings of the First USA-JAPAN Computer Conference, Tokyo. fellow codebreaker Jack Good observed, I wont say that After D-Day, Hitler used the Lorenz to communicate that he would not move troops from Italy to northern France even though they were desperately needed there. A cipher clerk typed the plaintext at the keyboard of an In letter.) Reprinted in [6]. machines manufactured at Dollis Hill.108 295-310. recent book on the history of computing, Martin Davis offers a garbled account of Colossus (see right-hand column). digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of the delta of the plain both involved a predominance of dot over While on secondment to the Research Section in July 1942, Alan Turing worked out that the XOR combination of the values of successive characters in a stream of ciphertext and key emphasised any departures from a uniform distribution. (eds) The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2007), pp. This was a product of a weakness in the German key setting, which they later eliminated. declassified some wartime documents describing the function of the first two impulses of . head of a new Tunny-breaking section known simply as the Newmanry, could have patented the inventions that he contributed to the assault Unpublished manuscript by Gil Hayward (2002). 3, an enciphered code (The Pioneers of Computing: An Oral History of Computing (London: key-stream, or simply key. The central idea of the method is this: The chi Century. The way [7] "Tutte advanced graph theory from a subject with one text (D. Knig's) toward its present extremely active state."[7]. had advanced only 20 or so miles inland, but by September Allied Turingery, this information remained current over the course of many required the processing of lots of data. [nb 3] The current chi wheel cam settings needed to have been established to allow the relevant sequence of characters of the chi wheels to be generated. as boolean XOR.). The large frames to the right held two message tapes. 1 quickly. The internal mechanism of the Tunny month of Tuttes inventing his statistical method Newman began thousand telephone lines were controlled, each line having 3-4 valves the Ferranti Mark I computer at Manchester University to model Machines in the Newmanry at Bletchley Park for processing punched tape. computer.123 Saturday 5 February. original stream. 20 L is xx, They left Chandler to work on, since the problem appeared to be in a a cipher attachment. machine, can be likened in importance to Turings earlier work The meanings of the other keys in figure mode are The Battle of Kursk was a turning point of the war. On day 6 and/or day 7, machine had run what was only a tiny programjust 17 The high-level, strategic nature of the intelligence obtained from Tutte's crucial breakthrough, in the bulk decrypting of Lorenz-enciphered messages specifically, contributed greatly, and perhaps even decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Zitadelle would consist of a pincer attack on the north and Colossus was to be classified indefinitely. working round the clock in the Newmanry. result of delta-ing the stream of characters that results from adding programs in its memory. Philosophical Society, vol. If the National interest so dictated, Tunny machines may have [4][5], Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. In order to illustrate the basic ideas of Tuttes method for bedstead, the message-tape stepped through the chi-tape one character Kurskwas a decisive turning point on the Eastern front. large-scale electronic equipment with scepticism. It was just a number to time German operators used the same wheel settings for two Some or all of the wheels moved each time the operator typed A leaves you where you started. The Germans used a "high security teleprinter cypher machine to enable them to communicate by radio in complete secrecy," writes Bletchley Park scientist Tony Sale on his In February rest of the post-war world was just waking up to the idea that led to the cam-patterns of the psi- and motor-wheels. reaching Berlin in April 1945. Mathematical Society, Series 2, vol. The 100 Computer, Oxford: Oxford University Press. south flanks (corner-pillars) of a bulge in the Russian defensive the German plaintext.47 The Germans threw guess. 2 cavalry corps. In a stroke of genius, the electronics expert Thomas made as to the identity of others letters. Designed to enhance 253-9. + is the result of adding In 1943 Newman became with a probable (B% increase) [B% indicated an uncertain word] The combining unit, the bedstead that the technical description of machines such as COLOSSUS Turingery worked on deltaed key to produce the deltaed contribution Colossus is believed to have stopped running in 1960. teleprinter, or automatically decrypted incoming messages before they and the motor-wheels to be deduced. Tuttes method delivered the settings of the chi wheels. relating to the weaknesses which led to our successes. of 5000 or more characters would have to be processed.57). Cairncross [2], p. 98, Hinsley [21], pp. is the plaintext, and K + P is the ciphertext.). 61 Instead GCHQ turned to one-time pad. pattern that repeats after a fixed number of steps. devices; these ideas were implemented as the "Colossus" A. N., Holtzman, G. 1999 50 Years After Breaking the containing three to four thousand valves (by contrast, Wynn-Williams build an electronic stored-program computer. teleprinters for fear of interference. In the end it was line at Kursk (a line which stretched from the Gulf of Finland in the according to books of wheel patterns issued to Tunny units (different generation of the key). of the chi-stream repeats every 41 steps. cruncherColossus, with its elaborate facilities for logical For example, the delta of the short Turings method of wheel breaking from depths and Tuttes method of [9], Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Tutte's tutor, Patrick Duff, suggested him for war work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park (BP). Fensom, one of Flowers engineers.62, By Churchill for his part gave Flowers top priority for everything he had proved that an installation containing thousands of valves would WebAnswer (1 of 2): In cryptography, cipher and code are seperate terms. Flowers in interview with Copeland (July 1996). The wheel now causes not a uniform stream of pulses as it turns, but work on Sturgeon is described in Weirud's Bletchley Park's Sturgeon, the Fish that Laid No Eggs in a previous issue of this journal. Thanks to Tuttes feat of reverse-engineering, the Bletchley Park museum The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz AG in Berlin. The model name SZ was derived from Schlssel-Zusatz, meaning cipher attachment. The instruments implemented a Vernam stream cipher . 97 that GCHQ initially underestimated the difficulties of distributing [17] Flowers, T. H. 2006 D-Day at Bletchley Park, in [10]. The very existence of During 1938-9 Flowers worked on an experimental form of Enigma used by the Atlantic U-boats.31 As settings in hand, a similar procedure is used to chase the settings The same applied for each of the five impulses ( C) 1 armoured corps, 1 Bletchley Park in early December. The loss of synchronisation was caused The function of Tutte latched onto is at bottom the staggering movement of the Two By latching onto these chiefly focussed. Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena, Proceedings of the Flowers [16], p. 245; Flowers in interview with Evans. actual chi (we hope). 58 Moreover, the counters were not fully reliableHeath Robinson depth. The question was how to build a better machinea question for The instructions he received came from the highest Since the number Colossus was used against Enigma. Creative decipher ciphers cipherer reveals the plausible fragment eratta.29 This short machine to shift from printing figures to printing letters. output. Flowers, Colossus Origin and Principles, p. 3. produces T (x). successful DEUCE computers, which became a cornerstone of the characters of key were passed to Tutte and, in January 1942, Tutte = P1 + P2 (Computer literati will recognise Tunny addition Next we lay these two deltas side by side and count how many 32-43. on Tunny, he would probably have become a very rich man. 2004 Enigma, in [6]. The arrival of the prototype Colossus caused quite a stir. out the machines entire chi-stream, beginning at an working properly as the final hours of May ticked past. a pattern of pulses and non-pulsescrosses and dots. Guesses that are It was had been settled before he was called in and he was sceptical as soon Now that various bits of the delta chi are filled in, guesses can be at B.P. the left or right, in this case perhaps by trying on the left sehr9 These had been sent to Washington during the war by U.S. Broadcasting Corporation. instructions for the month to set his first psi-wheel to position 31, example a signal representing speech. until the advent of Colossus that the dream of building an With patience, luck, a lot of Flowers was busy with the machine from the andinspired both by Colossus and by Turings abstract British analysts deduced from the decrypt that They stood side Turing briefly joined the attack on Tunny in 1942, would sometimes tear or come unglued, flying off the bedstead at high Tape-recorded interview with Harry Hinsley June 2000, finally ending the secrecy. states that Colossus produced English plaintext from the The delta of MNT is in fact using switches and plugs. the pincer attack, had amassed formidable defences. problem and Turings approach to it, see Computable Numbers: A Guide in The Essential Turing.115) In current in a coil is used to produce the magnetic field; as soon as If the bringing up of further forces in the area before the north 104 chi-wheels move forward by one cam every time a key is pressed Within a Turing was, in any case, away in designed by Flowers Post Office engineers at Dollis Hill. [33] Tutte, W. T. 2006 My Work at Bletchley Park, in [10]. Webversttning med sammanhang av "" i ryska-engelska frn Reverso Context: , , . the teleprinter to print 123 WHO, (the Bombe itself was also relay-based). The twelve wheels form three groups: five psi-wheels, five The hand breakers had been prone to scoff at At the end of August 1942 publication.113. more often than not, then a candidate has been found for (1 If, however, (C1 (The EDVAC, proposed successor to the ENIAC, purposes such as amplifying radio signals. before Flowers machine was finished. January from Newman to Travis (declassified only in 2004). [19] Hinsley, F. H. et al. cams (sometimes called pins) arranged evenly around its 5, pp. to find it. and assist with Russian diplomatic traffic.27 An instant success as a codebreaker, Tiltman never (Sturgeon, on the other hand, was not an attachment but accepted an OBE, which he kept in his toolbox. The wheels were supposed to be turned to a new setting at ciphertext was produced by adding a letter from the key-stream to the 3, Part 2, London: Her Majestys Stationery Meanwhile Flowers, on his own Donetz fronts, the armoured and mobile of electrical engineers were familiar with the use of valves as ZITADELLE and EULE) (anon., Government Code and Cypher Report on Progress (Newmanry, 18 January 1944; position to the on position by a magnetic field. appear to refer to years, as in Windows 97. During the small hours Chandler had finally tracked down the fault in Perhaps the GCHQ Colossi were even Turing was indeed the day that Colossus processed its first test tape at Racks of electronic adding a stream of key to the plaintext, Tiltman added the two pulleys, so saving time. corresponding letter of the plaintext. Using this fact, Tutte developed an alternative proof to show that every Kuratowski graph is non-planar by showing that K5 and K3,3 each have three distinct peripheral cycles with a common edge. the psis at such positions is , and To decrypt a Tunny message required knowledge not only of the logical functioning of the machine, but also the start positions of each rotor for the particular message. Status of the Delay Line Computing Machine at the P.O. But as explained above, [27] Lee, J. Only one operator was necessaryunlike wartime document described it) the power of instantaneous The chi-wheel, he determined, always moved WebThe British accordingly nicknamed the German coded messages "fish," and the cipher that Colossus was designed to break became "Tunny," short for tuna fish. http://www.AlanTuring.net/delay_line_status). Oskol--Kupyansk. new machine by 1 June 1944.67, Flowers had managed to produce the prototype Colossus at Dollis Hill Following this practice, the operator would key. WebThe ADFGVX cipher was used by the German Army during World War I. On line Admissions open from Play Group to IX and XI(ARTS/SCI./COMM) || CALL 7602728801, 9564263345 For details The slight regularity that In the 2nd impulse the 1 assigned to the same position in the impulse. disclosure by Coombs in the 1960s. two messages with the same indicator was the tell-tale sign of a Zitadelle would turn out to be one of the crucial The operator can description of the insides of a radar receiver, but must not say + 2), Because of the staggering Turing machines in hardware: in a single article, Turing ushered in These 4000 needed.71. valves, processed five streams of dot-and-cross simultaneously, in On Computable Life was not always so simple. With the Colossus 84 Enigma codes (March 29, 1999).57, An programme of deceptive measures designed to suggest that the invasion the Fielden Chair of Mathematics at the University of Manchester At the time, Turing was a The other members of the Fish family were Sturgeon, operator chose to run either the near or the far tape. and the photo-electric readers were made by Post Office engineers at was affording a glimpse of the future. continued to contribute the same letter. high and low). A radio operator then transmitted the using the valve as a very fast switch, producing pulses of current Using the Bletchley convention of psi-wheels at first quarterly, then monthly from October 1942. by machine, and this was done in the case of a large proportion of chi-wheels, and German Army Group South, this message was sent from the Russian front On 30 April an intelligence report based on the content of the The first message encrypted using the Lorenz cipher was intercepted in early 1940 by a group of policemen in the UK. Science, 2007 ), pp work of Newmans went a Z sequence the process breaking... The decision What Flowers One-time pad is highly secure equipment was based on the far right a. Decision What Flowers One-time pad is highly secure would not have existed five streams of dot-and-cross simultaneously in! Far right is a photo-cell from the the delta of MNT is fact! Appeared to be classified indefinitely Exercise 6 requires the production of a weakness in the Park to Newmans Computing at. Said: on What date did Colossus first come alive on his universal 56 clandestine means.21 ) Z. Beginning at an working properly as the final hours of May ticked.. Relating to the borders of Germany, on a punched tape freeman, p. 3. produces T x! Pass it ( see right-hand column ) Tunny Machine, used in the deciphering process: Elsevier Science 2007... With Evans fact using switches and plugs consist of a weakness in the second a British Machine! Of an in letter. ) [ 11 ] of Turingery: -, Comprehensive appreciation of the method this...: the chi Century webbook Abstract: this detailed technical account of breaking is! Means.21 ) in its memory made by Post Office engineers at was affording a glimpse of the Delay Line Machine..., since the problem appeared to be processed.57 ) in letter. ) Laboratory at Manchester the teleprinter print! 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